Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases.
Luis A Constantino-JonapaYoshua Espinoza-PalaciosAlma Reyna Escalona-MontañoPaulina Hernández-RuizLuis M Amezcua GuerraAmedeo AmedeiMaría Magdalena Aguirre-GarcíaPublished in: Biomedicines (2023)
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota and has been mainly associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in humans. There are factors that affect one's TMAO level, such as diet, drugs, age, and hormones, among others. Gut dysbiosis in the host has been studied recently as a new approach to understanding chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and Alzheimer's disease. These disease types as well as COVID-19 are known to modulate host immunity. Diabetic and obese patients have been observed to have an increase in their level of TMAO, which has a direct correlation with CVDs. This metabolite is attributed to enhancing the inflammatory pathways through cholesterol and bile acid dysregulation, promoting foam cell formation. Additionally, TMAO activates the transcription factor NF-κB, which, in turn, triggers cytokine production. The result can be an exaggerated inflammatory response capable of inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, which is responsible for various diseases. Due to the deleterious effects that this metabolite causes in its host, it is important to search for new therapeutic agents that allow a reduction in the TMAO levels of patients and that, thus, allow patients to be able to avoid a severe cardiovascular event. The present review discussed the synthesis of TMAO and its contribution to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases.
Keyphrases
- end stage renal disease
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- oxidative stress
- inflammatory response
- cardiovascular disease
- transcription factor
- obese patients
- ejection fraction
- chronic kidney disease
- newly diagnosed
- bariatric surgery
- coronavirus disease
- peritoneal dialysis
- weight loss
- type diabetes
- stem cells
- risk factors
- induced apoptosis
- gastric bypass
- coronary artery disease
- drug induced
- cell therapy
- roux en y gastric bypass
- toll like receptor
- dna binding
- bone marrow
- wound healing
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus