The association of ultra-processed food consumption with adult inflammatory bowel disease risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 4 035 694 participants.

High intake of UPFs was linked with an enhanced IBD risk, a specific risk of CD. However, conducting more observational studies among several ethnicities and using specific tools that accurately assess the amount of UPF consumption, components of UPFs, and food additives may be necessary. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023390258.