Integrative review of electrocardiographic characteristics in patients with reduced, mildly reduced, and preserved heart failure.

ECG characteristics might be related to left ventricular ejection fraction. Demographics, BNP/Pro-BNP, and ECG changes might help differentiate different heart failure types. Therefore, ECG might be a prognostic tool while caring for heart failure patients when highly skilled resources are unavailable. These identified ECG characteristics help generate research hypotheses and warrant validation in future research.