Identification of raffinose family oligosaccharides in processed Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry image combined with machine learning.

MALDI-MSI combined with machine learning can be used to visualize the distribution of oligosaccharides and identify the processed samples after steaming for different durations. This can enhance our understanding of the metabolic changes that occur during the steaming process of R. glutinosa; meanwhile, it is expected to provide a theoretical reference for the standardization and modernization of processing in the field of medicinal plants.