Smoothened agonist sterosome immobilized hybrid scaffold for bone regeneration.

Biomaterial delivery of bioactive agents and manipulation of stem cell fate are an attractive approach to promote tissue regeneration. Here, smoothened agonist sterosome is developed using small-molecule activators [20S-hydroxycholesterol (OHC) and purmorphamine (PUR)] of the smoothened protein in the hedgehog pathway as carrier and cargo. Sterosome presents inherent osteoinductive property even without drug loading. Sterosome is covalently immobilized onto three-dimensional scaffolds via a bioinspired polydopamine intermediate to fabricate a hybrid scaffold for bone regeneration. Sterosome-immobilized hybrid scaffold not only provides a favorable substrate for cell adhesion and proliferation but also delivers bioactive agents in a sustained and spatially targeted manner. Furthermore, this scaffold significantly improves osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells through OHC/PUR-mediated synergistic activation of the hedgehog pathway and also enhances bone repair in a mouse calvarial defect model. This system serves as a versatile biomaterial platform for many applications, including therapeutic delivery and endogenous regenerative medicine.