The Application of Biomaterials for the Vaccine, Treatment, and Detection of SARS-CoV-2.

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on human life worldwide since 2019. Specific vaccines and antiviral agents are the most effective means of preventing and treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Additionally, antiviral protective equipment and early diagnosis also contribute to controlling the spread of COVID-19. The utilization of biomaterials in medicine and pharmaceuticals is crucial to ensure the positive impact of vaccines, antiviral agents, and protective equipment. In this review, we discuss the application of various types of biomaterials, including polymers, lipid nanoparticles, inorganic biomaterials, protein- or peptide-associated biomaterials, self-assembled biomaterials, and other biomaterials, for the vaccine, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19. Finally, we provide a perspective on future opportunities and challenges for developing biomaterials to combat other viral outbreaks and diseases.