Activation of ZrO 2 -WO 3 solid acid catalysts in a Friedel-Crafts reaction through post-hydrothermal treatment.

ZrO 2 -WO 3 mixed oxide plays an essential role in the chemical and petroleum industries. So far, very little work has paid attention to the activation of the low activity of ZrO 2 -WO 3 catalysts. In this work, poorly reactive ZrO 2 -WO 3 was prepared as a model catalyst by a sol-gel method and it was accompanied by post-hydrothermal treatment with various solutions. The catalytic results in the Friedel-Crafts reaction of anisole and benzyl alcohol showed that the post-hydrothermal treatment with ethylenediamine or ammonium hydroxide solutions dramatically improved the activity of ZrO 2 -WO 3 , while the hydrothermal treatments with water or ammonia chloride solution resulted in poorer activity and selectivity. The former treatments were found to induce a huge transformation of the ZrO 2 crystal from monoclinic to tetragonal as well as a significant increase in acidic WO x clusters that anchored onto ZrO 2 . The generation of the WO x clusters was responsible for the activation of ZrO 2 -WO 3 .