A systematic review of the measurement properties of the Family Empowerment Scale.

Future psychometric studies of the FES should include diverse families and establish content validity following current COSMIN standards. Structural validity evidence does not support the original three-factor structure, which suggests the need to refine the theoretical measurement constructs. Responsiveness is needed prior to using FES as an instrument of change in applied research studies.Implications for RehabilitationThe evidence for the use of the Family Empowerment Scale (FES) is primarily with families of children with disabilities who identify as white, non-Hispanic, and live in the US.Across studies, evidence suggests the FES items work well together to measure family empowerment.Caution should be used when using the FES to measure changes in empowerment over time.