Activation-Induced Surface Modulation of Biowaste-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors.

Wheat straw-derived carbon from the Wheatbelt region in Western Australia was subjected to chemical activation in an electrolyte containing either acid or base treatment. The findings showed an increase in electron/hole mobility towards the interfaces due to the presence of different surface functional groups such as C-SO x -C and S=C in the carbon framework for acid activation. Likewise, the galvanostatic capacitance measured at a current density of 2 mA cm -2 in a three-electrode configuration for acid-activated wheat straw exhibited 162 F g -1 , while that for base-activated wheat straw exhibited 106 F g -1 . An increase of 34.5 % more capacitance was achieved for acid-treated wheat straw. This improvement is attributed to the synergistic effects between surface functional groups and electrolyte ions, as well as the electronic structure of the porous electrode.