Personalised three-dimensional printed transparent kidney model for robot-assisted partial nephrectomy in patients with complex renal tumours (R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score ≥7): a prospective case-matched study.

We established the usefulness of a personalised 3D-printed transparent kidney model for more effective RPNs. Use of the 3D-printed transparent kidney model reduced the operative time even for complex renal tumours and would be expected to broaden the indications for PN.