Evaluation of the Two Typical Diamide Insecticide-Induced Oxidative Damages and the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Their Toxicity in Triticum aestivum .

As the typical representatives of diamide insecticides, excessive exposure to flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole for plants may inevitably pose threats to plant growth and food safety. However, the underlying toxic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, glutathione S -transferase Phi1 from Triticum aestivum was employed as the biomarker to assess oxidative damages. First, flubendiamide displayed much stronger binding affinity with Ta GSTF1 than chlorantraniliprole in consistent with molecular docking results, and flubendiamide also exerted more evident effects on the structure of Ta GSTF1. Then, glutathione S -transferase activities of Ta GSTF1 declined after interaction with these two insecticides, especially for flubendiamide with more hazardous influence. At last, the adverse impacts on the germination and growth of wheat seedlings were further evaluated with more apparent inhibition of flubendiamide. Hence, this study may illustrate the detailed binding mechanisms of Ta GSTF1 with these two typical insecticides, evaluate the destructive impacts on plant growth, and further assess the threat to agriculture.