Current perspectives of artificial oxygen carriers as red blood cell substitutes: a review of old to cutting-edge technologies using in vitro and in vivo assessments.

Both hemoglobin- and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers are significant, despite having the latter acting as safeguards; they are cost-effective, facile formulations which penetrate small blood vessels and remove arterial blockages due to their nano-size. They also show better biocompatibility and longer half-life circulation than other similar technologies.