Pharmacotherapy of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome: a review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

Providing an appropriate opioid dose in neonates is challenging. Advancements in quantitative pharmacology and PK/PD modeling approaches facilitate identification of key factors driving PK/PD variability and characterization of exposure-response relationships. PK/PD model-informed simulations have been widely employed to define age-appropriate pediatric dosing regimens. The model-informed approach holds promise to aid more rational use of medications in the treatment of NOWS.