Clustering-triggered emission mechanism of carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin aqueous solution and efficient recognition of Fe 3+ in mixed ions.

Most nonconventional luminogens enjoy good water solubility and biocompatibility, showing unique application prospects in fields like biological imaging. Although clustering-triggered emission (CTE) mechanisms have been proposed to explain such emissions, the have not been thoroughly elucidated, which limits their development and application. Here, the photoluminescence properties of carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) aqueous solution are utilized to further investigate the effects of changes in concentration, in order to elucidate the emission mechanism through cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), molecular interaction analysis, and theoretical calculation. The results showed that the size distribution, morphology, and distance between water aggregates were successfully correlated with the cluster emission centers. The emission mechanism of nonconventional luminogen solutions was more clearly and intuitively elucidated, which has a promoting effect on the emission and application of this field. It is interesting that temperature-dependent emission spectra show the blue-shift phenomenon of PL with increasing excitation wavelengths. Moreover, due to its strong static quenching effect for Fe 3+ , CM-β-CD can efficiently detect Fe 3+ in mixed-ion aqueous solutions. It provides a strategy to clarify the CTE mechanism of nonconventional luminogen solutions more clearly and its application of mixed-ion detection.