Access to Treatment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in the Americas: A Call for Action.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem in the Americas (a region of the world comprising North, Central, and South America), though there is substantial variation in disease prevalence, morbidity and mortality between and within nations. Across the Americas, COPD disproportionately affects vulnerable populations including minoritized populations and impoverished persons, who are more likely to be exposed to risk factors such as tobacco use, air pollution, infections such as tuberculosis, and biomass smoke but less likely to have adequate healthcare access. Management of COPD can be challenging across the Americas, with some barriers being specific to certain countries and others shared across the U.S., Canada, and Latin America. Because most cases of COPD are undiagnosed due to suboptimal access to healthcare and pulmonary function testing, and thus cannot be treated, increased access to spirometry would have a substantial impact on disease management across the Americas. For individuals who are diagnosed, access to medications and other interventions is quite variable across and within nations, even in those with universal healthcare systems, such as Canada and Brazil. This emphasizes the importance of collaborative treatment guidelines, which should be adapted for the healthcare systems and policies of each nation or region, as appropriate. To have a positive impact on COPD management in the Americas, we propose actionable items, including the need for all our respiratory societies to engage key stakeholders (e.g., patient-led organizations, professional societies, and governmental and non-governmental agencies) while advocating for campaigns and policies to ensure clean air for all, eliminate tobacco use and enhance coverage for treatment of nicotine dependence, and improve access to early case-finding, diagnosis and treatment for all patients, including underserved and vulnerable populations.