Aggregative movement of C 4 mesophyll chloroplasts is promoted by low CO 2 under high intensity blue light.

C 4 plants supply concentrated CO 2 to bundle sheath (BS) cells, improving the photosynthetic efficiency by suppressing photorespiration. Mesophyll chloroplasts in C 4 plants redistribute toward the side of the BS cells (aggregative movement) in response to environmental stresses under light. Although this chloroplast movement occurs commonly in C 4 plants, the significance and mechanisms underlying the aggregative movement remain unknown. Under environmental stresses such as drought and salt, CO 2 uptake from the atmosphere is suppressed by closing stomata to prevent water loss. We hypothesized that CO 2 limitation may induce the aggregative movement. In this study, the mesophyll chloroplast arrangement in the leaf of finger millet, an NAD-malic enzyme-type C 4 plant, was examined under different CO 2 concentrations and light conditions. CO 2 limitation around the leaves promoted the aggregative movement, but the aggregative movement was not suppressed even at the higher CO 2 concentration than the atmosphere, under high intensity blue light. In addition, mesophyll chloroplast did not change their arrangement under dark or red light. From these results, it can be concluded that CO 2 limitation is not a direct inducer of the aggregative movement but would be a promoting factor of the movement under high intensity blue light.