Regulating lactate-related immunometabolism and EMT reversal for colorectal cancer liver metastases using shikonin targeted delivery.

The work provided a promising targeted delivery strategy for CRLM treatment by regulating glycolysis, EMT, and anticancer immunity. An immunometabolic strategy for treating colorectal cancer liver metastases using the shikonin-loaded, hyaluronic acid-modified mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (SHK@HA-MPDA) via glycolysis inhibition, anticancer immunity activation, and EMT reversal. SHK@HA-MPDA can inhibit cytoplasmic PKM2 and glycolysis of the tumor and reduce lactate flux, and then activate the DCs and remodel the tumor immune microenvironment. The reduced lactate flux can reduce MDSC migration and suppress EMT.