Incorporating Catalytic Units into Nanomaterials: Rational Design of Multipurpose Catalysts for CO 2 Valorization.

ConspectusCO 2 conversion to valuable chemicals is effective at reducing CO 2 emissions. We previously proposed valorization strategies and developed efficient catalysts to address thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness issues related to CO 2 conversion. Earlier, we developed molecular capture reagents and catalysts to integrate CO 2 capture and conversion, i.e., in situ transformation. Based on the mechanistic understanding of CO 2 capture, activation, and transformation at a molecular level, we set out to develop heterogeneous catalysts by incorporating catalytic units into nanomaterials via the immobilization of active molecular catalysts onto nanomaterials and designing nanomaterials with intrinsic catalytic sites.In thermocatalytic CO 2 conversion, carbonaceous and metal-organic framework (MOF)-based catalysts were developed for nonreductive and reductive CO 2 conversion. Novel Cu- and Zn-based MOFs and carbon-supported Cu catalysts were prepared and successfully applied to the cycloaddition, carboxylation, and carboxylative cyclization reactions with CO 2 , generating cyclic carbonates, carboxyl acids, and oxazolidinones as respective target products. Reductive conversion of CO 2 , especially reductive functionalization with CO 2 , is a promising transformation strategy to produce valuable chemicals, alleviating chemical production that relies on petrochemistry. We explored the hierarchical reductive functionalization of CO 2 using organocatalysts and proposed strategies to regulate the CO 2 reduction level, triggering heterogeneous catalyst investigation. Introducing multiple active sites into nanomaterials opens possibilities to develop novel CO 2 transformation strategies. CO 2 capture and in situ conversion were realized with an N-doped carbon-supported Zn complex and MOF materials as CO 2 adsorbents and catalysts. These nanomaterial-based catalysts feature high stability and excellent efficiency and act as shape-selective catalysts in some cases due to their unique pore structure.Nanomaterial-based catalysts are also appealing candidates for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction (PCO 2 RR) and electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction (ECO 2 RR), so we developed a series of hybrid photo-/electrocatalysts by incorporating active metal complexes into different matrixes such as porous organic polymers (POPs), metal-organic layers (MOLs), micelles, and conducting polymers. By introducing Re-bipyridine and Fe-porphyrin complexes into POPs and regulating the structure of the polymer chain, catalyst stability and efficiency increased in PCO 2 RR. PCO 2 RR in aqueous solution was realized by designing the Re-bipyridine-containing amphiphilic polymer to form micelles in aqueous solution and act as nanoreactors. We prepared MOLs with two different metallic centers, i.e., the Ni-bipyridine site and Ni-O node, to improve the efficiency for PCO 2 RR due to the synergistic effect of these metal centers. Sulfylphenoxy-decorated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) cross-linked polypyrrole was prepared and used as a cathode, achieving the electrocatalytic transformation of diluted CO 2 benefiting from the CO 2 adsorption capability of polypyrrole. We fabricated immobilized 4-( t -butyl)-phenoxy cobalt phthalocyanine and Bi-MOF as cathodes to promote the paired electrolysis of CO 2 and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and obtained CO 2 reductive products and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) efficiently.