Insulin and Insulin Receptors in Adipose Tissue Development.
Angelo CignarelliValentina Annamaria GenchiSebastio PerriniAnnalisa NatalicchioLuigi LaviolaFrancesco GiorginoPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2019)
Insulin is a major endocrine hormone also involved in the regulation of energy and lipid metabolism via the activation of an intracellular signaling cascade involving the insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT). Specifically, insulin regulates several aspects of the development and function of adipose tissue and stimulates the differentiation program of adipose cells. Insulin can activate its responses in adipose tissue through two INSR splicing variants: INSR-A, which is predominantly expressed in mesenchymal and less-differentiated cells and mainly linked to cell proliferation, and INSR-B, which is more expressed in terminally differentiated cells and coupled to metabolic effects. Recent findings have revealed that different distributions of INSR and an altered INSR-A:INSR-B ratio may contribute to metabolic abnormalities during the onset of insulin resistance and the progression to type 2 diabetes. In this review, we discuss the role of insulin and the INSR in the development and endocrine activity of adipose tissue and the pharmacological implications for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Keyphrases
- type diabetes
- insulin resistance
- adipose tissue
- glycemic control
- induced apoptosis
- cell proliferation
- high fat diet
- cardiovascular disease
- cell cycle arrest
- high fat diet induced
- metabolic syndrome
- skeletal muscle
- signaling pathway
- cell death
- single cell
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- weight loss
- tyrosine kinase
- oxidative stress
- stem cells
- dna methylation
- bone marrow
- binding protein
- cell cycle
- copy number
- structural basis