Causes of Childhood Cancer: A Review of the Recent Literature: Part I-Childhood Factors.
Angela M RicciRebecca T EmenyPamela J BagleyHeather B BluntMary E ButowAlexandra MorganJennifer A Alford-TeasterLinda TitusRaymond R WalstonJudy R ReesPublished in: Cancers (2024)
Strong evidence indicates that an array of genetic and epigenetic phenomena, structural birth defects, and chromosomal anomalies are associated with an increased risk of various childhood cancers. Increased risk is also associated with prior cancer, likely due to previous treatment agents and therapeutic ionizing radiation. Convincing evidence supports associations between several pediatric cancers and ionizing radiation, immunosuppression, and carcinogenic virus infection both in healthy children and in association with immune suppression following organ transplantation. Breastfeeding and a childhood diet rich in fruits and vegetables appears to reduce the risk of pediatric leukemia but the evidence is less strong. Childhood vaccination against carcinogenic viruses is associated with a lower risk of several cancers; there is less strong evidence that other childhood vaccinations more broadly may also lower risk. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is associated with increased melanoma risk, although most melanomas following childhood UV exposure occur later, in adulthood. Evidence is weak or conflicting for the role of body mass index, other childhood infections, allergies, and certain treatments, including immunomodulator medications and human growth therapy.
Keyphrases
- childhood cancer
- young adults
- early life
- body mass index
- systematic review
- gene expression
- physical activity
- stem cells
- depressive symptoms
- copy number
- squamous cell carcinoma
- papillary thyroid
- human health
- mass spectrometry
- heavy metals
- drinking water
- cell therapy
- genome wide
- replacement therapy
- high density
- health risk assessment
- squamous cell