Molecular Recognition of Pyrophosphate with Extended Bis(Zn(II)-DPA) Derivatives.

A series of pyrophosphate (PPi) receptors were synthesized, and their binding affinities toward both PPi and adenosine triphosphate were evaluated in N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-ethanesulfonic acid-buffered solution. The presence of two hydrogen bond donors slightly retarded the reaction rate of anionic guest exchange, while four had a significant retardation effect. A macrocyclic receptor, 17, exhibited superior selectivity toward PPi compared with acyclic receptors, presumably due to effective steric interactions. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments and potentiometric titration experiments revealed the effect of the substituent structure on the degree of anion guest stabilization and the deprotonation of water molecules bound to zinc(II) ions, as well as the guest binding thermodynamics.