Initiating a New Era of Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy in Acute Aortic Syndromes: The Mainz-Essen Experience (Part I)-Imaging and Biomarkers.

Acute aortic syndromes (AAS) encompass a group of life-threatening medical conditions (acute aortic dissection [AAD], intramural hematoma, and penetrating aortic ulcer) with a common pathophysiological pathway. Due to overlapping symptoms and signs with other cardiovascular emergencies, the diagnosis remains challenging resulting in time delays and related increased in-hospital and long-term morbidity and mortality. The Cardiovascular Department of Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz at West-German Heart Centre in Essen (Germany) first described (in 1984) AAD by transesophageal echocardiography, AAD diagnostic features, and furtherly explored the implementation of "invasive" imaging techniques, namely, intravascular ultrasound and intraluminal phased-array imaging. Furthermore, pioneer studies were undertaken on the biomarker and imaging interplay, namely, D-dimer and F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. We discuss the unique 35-year-long Mainz-Essen experience on the diagnostic and prognostic role of serological and imaging biomarkers in AAS.