Measuring rootworm refuge function: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera emergence and mating in seed blend and strip refuges for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize.

Seed blend refuges can help to facilitate gene flow between D. v. virgifera beetles from Bt and refuge maize, but current approaches do not meaningfully contribute to delaying resistance because numbers of refuge beetles produced are insufficient. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.