Clinical peri-implant parameters and inflammatory cytokine profile among smokers of cigarette, e-cigarette, and waterpipe.
Mohammed Ayedh AlQahtaniAbdullah Saeed AlayadAbdulmonem AlshihriFernanda Oliveira Bello CorreaZohaib AkramPublished in: Clinical implant dentistry and related research (2018)
Tobacco smoking is associated with poor peri-implant health. The effect of waterpipe smoking was of largely the same extent as that of cigarette smoking. Higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in tobacco smokers may propose increased peri-implant inflammatory process which could play a principal role in the progression of peri-implant tissue damage.