Molecular classification of hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer, using nonnegative matrix factorization molecular subtyping of primary and metastatic specimens.

Using cNMF, we identified four molecularly distinct subtypes which may inform treatment selection. NMF1 demonstrates the most inflammatory signature with asuppressive TGFβ signature, suggesting potential benefit with immunotherapy combination strategies targeting TGFβ and PD-(L)1. Prospective studies are required to evaluate the use of this novel model to molecularly stratify patients for optimal treatment selection.