Epicardial connection(s) inside the pulmonary vein antrum isolation lines contribute to subsequent atrial fibrillation: a case report.

Those ECs might have played a possible important role in initiating and maintaining the AF. The mechanism(s) of the ECs may be a cornerstone of the failure to achieve a complete PVAI contributing to AF recurrence. Ablation of the EC(s) in addition to the PVAI may be better able to achieve the completion of the PVAI. Thus, physicians should be aware of the possibility of the presence of EC(s) when performing ablation of AF, even though complete PVAI lines have been achieved.