Integrating knowledge systems for holistic approaches to addressing knowledge and health inequities: combining fuzzy cognitive maps.

This paper describes fuzzy cognitive mapping as an accessible and robust tool to strengthen community engagement in health promotion research. We outline how fuzzy cognitive mapping can combine, compare, and contextualize knowledge and priorities from diverse population groups as well as from evidence syntheses. We present procedures to represent a shared perspective across populations or population groups through reconciling maps by simple or weighted averaging. We present a novel second approach to reconciling derived from discourse analysis. We then present two procedures to contextualize one knowledge in another knowledge. The first procedure draws on Bayesian updating, providing a formal way to account for stakeholder knowledge in contextualizing other knowledge sources, including evidence syntheses. A second approach compares discourse patterns across maps derived from different sources. We provide examples of each procedure, describe how each may contribute to greater incorporation of patient- and community-level input in decision-making, and share tools for researchers interested in applications of fuzzy cognitive mapping.