A 3D-printed microneedle extraction system integrated with patterned electrodes for minimally invasive transdermal detection.

Point-of-Care-Testing (POCT) is a convenient and timely clinical analysis method, leading the development trend of advanced biosensors. The development of POCT equipment that can achieve minimally invasive percutaneous monitoring can avoid the pain felt by the subjects and achieve in vivo and efficient measurement. Here, we reported the development of a microneedle (MN) extraction system based on patterned electrodes, which could provide convenient and minimally invasive detection of bio-analytes (including glucose, pH, and H 2 O 2 ). The 3D-printed hollow MN array was used as a painless transdermal tool, while the interstitial fluid was extracted under negative-pressure conditions. The patterned electrodes could improve the electrochemical performance of the sensor, with the synergistic effect of the micropillar structure to increase the enzyme coating surface area and the nanomaterial electron layer. The patterned electrodes were placed on the back of the MN arrays for electrochemical detection. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that the MN-extraction system could detect the corresponding bio-analytes in a minimally invasive manner and it did not cause significant tissue damage. The system developed in this work will provide promising technology to expand the application of POCT for minimal tests on interstitial fluids.