SNP-based mixed model association of growth- and yield-related traits in popcorn.

The identification of the genes responsible for complex traits is highly promising to accelerate crop breeding, but such information is still limited for popcorn. Thus, in the present study, a mixed linear model-based association analysis (MLMA) was applied for six important popcorn traits: plant and ear height, 100-grain weight, popping expansion, grain yield and expanded popcorn volume per hectare. To this end, 196 plants of the open-pollinated popcorn population UENF-14 were sampled, selfed (S1), and then genotyped with a panel of 10,507 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers distributed throughout the genome. The six traits were studied under two environments [Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ (ENV1) and Itaocara-RJ (ENV2)] in an incomplete block design. Based on the phenotypic data of the S1 progenies and on the genetic characteristics of the parents, the MLMA was performed. Thereafter, genes annotated in the MaizeGDB platform were screened for potential linkage disequilibrium with the SNPs associated to the six evaluated traits. Overall, seven and eight genes were identified as associated with the traits in ENV1 and ENV2, respectively, and proteins encoded by these genes were evaluated for their function. The results obtained here contribute to increase knowledge on the genetic architecture of the six evaluated traits and might be used for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.