Artificial intelligence and deep learning in ophthalmology.
Daniel Shu Wei TingLouis R PasqualeLily PengJohn Peter CampbellAaron Y LeeRajiv RamanGavin Siew Wei TanLeopold SchmettererPearse Andrew KeaneTien Yin WongPublished in: The British journal of ophthalmology (2018)
Artificial intelligence (AI) based on deep learning (DL) has sparked tremendous global interest in recent years. DL has been widely adopted in image recognition, speech recognition and natural language processing, but is only beginning to impact on healthcare. In ophthalmology, DL has been applied to fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography and visual fields, achieving robust classification performance in the detection of diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity, the glaucoma-like disc, macular oedema and age-related macular degeneration. DL in ocular imaging may be used in conjunction with telemedicine as a possible solution to screen, diagnose and monitor major eye diseases for patients in primary care and community settings. Nonetheless, there are also potential challenges with DL application in ophthalmology, including clinical and technical challenges, explainability of the algorithm results, medicolegal issues, and physician and patient acceptance of the AI 'black-box' algorithms. DL could potentially revolutionise how ophthalmology is practised in the future. This review provides a summary of the state-of-the-art DL systems described for ophthalmic applications, potential challenges in clinical deployment and the path forward.
Keyphrases
- artificial intelligence
- deep learning
- diabetic retinopathy
- machine learning
- optical coherence tomography
- big data
- primary care
- convolutional neural network
- healthcare
- age related macular degeneration
- transcription factor
- newly diagnosed
- mental health
- high resolution
- optic nerve
- autism spectrum disorder
- ejection fraction
- emergency department
- prognostic factors
- current status
- high throughput
- label free
- chronic kidney disease
- photodynamic therapy
- binding protein
- mass spectrometry
- hearing loss
- patient reported outcomes
- patient reported