Collagen scaffolds derived from bovine skin loaded with MSC optimized M1 macrophages remodeling and chronic diabetic wounds healing.

Owing to the persistent inflammatory microenvironment and unsubstantial dermal tissues, chronic diabetic wounds do not heal easily and their recurrence rate is high. Therefore, a dermal substitute that can induce rapid tissue regeneration and inhibit scar formation is urgently required to address this concern. In this study, we established biologically active dermal substitutes (BADS) by combining novel animal tissue-derived collagen dermal-replacement scaffolds (CDRS) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for the healing and recurrence treatments of chronic diabetic wounds. The collagen scaffolds derived from bovine skin (CBS) displayed good physicochemical properties and superior biocompatibility. CBS loaded with BMSCs (CBS-MCSs) could inhibit M1 macrophage polarization in vitro. Decreased MMP-9 and increased Col3 at the protein level were detected in CBS-MSCs-treated M1 macrophages, which may be attributed to the suppression of the TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathway (downregulating phospho-IKKα/β/total IKKα/β, phospho-IκB/total IκB, and phospho-NFκB/total NFκB) in M1 macrophages. Moreover, CBS-MSCs could benefit the transformation of M1 (downregulating iNOS) to M2 (upregulating CD206) macrophages. Wound-healing evaluations demonstrated that CBS-MSCs regulated the polarization of macrophages and the balance of inflammatory factors (pro-inflammatory: IL-1β, TNF-α, and MMP-9; anti-inflammatory: IL-10 and TGF-β3) in db/db mice. Furthermore, CBS-MSCs facilitated the noncontractile and re-epithelialized processes, granulation tissue regeneration, and neovascularization of chronic diabetic wounds. Thus, CBS-MSCs have a potential value for clinical application in promoting the healing of chronic diabetic wounds and preventing the recurrence of ulcers.