Can Essential Oils Be a Natural Alternative for the Control of Spodoptera frugiperda ? A Review of Toxicity Methods and Their Modes of Action.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a major pest of maize crops. The application of synthetic insecticides and the use of Bt maize varieties are the principal strategies used for its control. However, due to the development of pesticide resistance and the negative impact of insecticides on the environment, natural alternatives are constantly being searched for. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to evaluate the use of essential oils (EOs) as natural alternatives for controlling S. frugiperda . This review article covers the composition of EOs, methods used for the evaluation of EO toxicity, EO effects, and their mode of action. Although the EOs of Ocimum basilicum , Piper marginatum , and Lippia alba are the most frequently used, Ageratum conyzoides , P. septuplinervium . O. gratissimum and Siparuna guianensis were shown to be the most effective. As the principal components of these EOs vary, then their mode of action on the pest could be different. The results of our analysis allowed us to evaluate and compare the potential of certain EOs for the control of this insect. In order to obtain comparable results when evaluating the toxicity of EOs on S. frugiperda , it is important that methodological issues are taken into account.