FeOOH with Low Spin State Iron as Electron Acceptors for High Yield Rate Electrosynthesis of Urea from Nitrate and Carbon Dioxide.

Co electroreduction of carbon dioxide and nitrate to synthesize urea provides an alternative strategy to high energy-consumption traditional methods. However, the complexity of the reaction mechanism and the high energy barrier of nitrate reduction result in a diminished production of urea. Herein, a convenient electrodeposition technique to prepare the FeOOH with low spin state iron that increases the yield rate of urea efficiently is employed. According to soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, the unique configuration of low spin state iron as electron acceptors can effectively induce electron pair transfer from the occupied σ orbitals of intermediate * NO to empty d orbitals of iron. This σ→d donation mechanism leads to a reduction in the energy barrier associated with the rate-determining step ( * NOOH→ * NO +  * OH), hence augmenting the urea generation. The low spin state iron presents a high urea yield rate of 512 µg h -1  cm -2 , representing approximately two times compared to the medium spin state iron. The key intermediates ( * NH 2 and * CO) in the formation of C─N bond are detected with in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The coupling of * NH 2 and * CO contributes to the formation of * CONH 2 , which subsequently endures multi-step proton-coupled electron transfer to generate urea.