Light-independent M1 macrophage polarization by photosensitizer-loaded protein corona on gold nanorods.
Joshua U-Jin CheahHeng Boon LowYongliang ZhangJames Chen Yong KahPublished in: Nanomedicine (London, England) (2020)
Aim: To establish a light-independent functionality of gold nanorods (AuNRs) with a human serum (HS) protein corona loaded with photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (AuNR-HS-Ce6) in M1 polarization of macrophages. Methods: RT-qPCR and ELISA were used to determine gene and protein expression, respectively. Uptake of AuNR-HS-Ce6 was determined via flow cytometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and fluorescence microscopy. Cell viability was determined using PrestoBlue® cell viability assay. Results: An increase in M1 gene and protein expression was observed in AuNR-HS-Ce6-treated macrophages. Delivery of high Ce6 payload via AuNR-HS-Ce6 was the primary contributor toward M1 polarization. Finally, DLD-1 cells treated with conditioned media from AuNR-HS-Ce6-treated macrophages showed significantly reduced proliferation. Conclusion: Our study suggests an immunomodulatory potential of Ce6 in inducing light-independent M1 polarization outside of its role as a photosensitizer.
Keyphrases
- photodynamic therapy
- energy transfer
- mass spectrometry
- flow cytometry
- drug delivery
- high resolution
- copy number
- high throughput
- genome wide
- single molecule
- gene expression
- protein protein
- risk assessment
- amino acid
- optical coherence tomography
- genome wide identification
- liquid chromatography
- cell cycle arrest
- transcription factor
- gas chromatography
- genome wide analysis
- pi k akt
- simultaneous determination