3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde Protects Keratinocytes from Particulate Matter 2.5-Induced Damages.

Cellular senescence can be activated by several stimuli, including ultraviolet radiation and air pollutants. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of marine algae compound 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (3-BDB) on particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5 )-induced skin cell damage in vitro and in vivo. The human HaCaT keratinocyte was pre-treated with 3-BDB and then with PM 2.5 . PM 2.5 -induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, apoptotic protein expression, and cellular senescence were measured using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and Western blot. The present study exhibited PM 2.5- generated ROS, DNA damage, inflammation, and senescence. However, 3-BDB ameliorated PM 2.5 -induced ROS generation, mitochondria dysfunction, and DNA damage. Furthermore, 3-BDB reversed the PM 2.5 -induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, reduced cellular inflammation, and mitigated cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and activator protein 1 activated by PM 2.5 were inhibited by 3-BDB. Thus, 3-BDB suppressed skin damage induced by PM 2.5 .