Accelerating Industrial-Level NO 3 - Electroreduction to Ammonia on Cu Grain Boundary Sites via Heteroatom Doping Strategy.

Although the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO 3 - RR) is an attractive NH 3 synthesis route, it suffers from low yield due to the lack of efficient catalysts. Here, this work reports a novel grain boundary (GB)-rich Sn-Cu catalyst, derived from in situ electroreduction of Sn-doped CuO nanoflower, for effectively electrochemical converting NO 3 - to NH 3 . The optimized Sn 1% -Cu electrode achieves a high NH 3 yield rate of 1.98 mmol h -1 cm -2 with an industrial-level current density of -425 mA cm -2 at -0.55 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 98.2% at -0.51 V versus RHE, outperforming the pure Cu electrode. In situ Raman and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies reveal the reaction pathway of NO 3 - RR to NH 3 by monitoring the adsorption property of reaction intermediates. Density functional theory calculations clarify that the high-density GB active sites and the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) suppression induced by Sn doping synergistically promote highly active and selective NH 3 synthesis from NO 3 - RR. This work paves an avenue for efficient NH 3 synthesis over Cu catalyst by in situ reconstruction of GB sites with heteroatom doping.