One-Step Conversion of n-Butanol to Aromatics-free Gasoline over the HZSM-5 Catalyst: Effect of Pressure, Catalyst Deactivation, and Fuel Properties as a Gasoline.

Sustainable production of gasoline-range hydrocarbon fuels from biomass is critical in evading the upgradation of combustion engine infrastructures. The present work focuses on the selective transformation of n-butanol to gasoline-range hydrocarbons free from aromatics in a single step. Conversion of n-butanol was carried out in a down-flow fixed-bed reactor with the capability to operate at high pressures using the HZSM-5 catalyst. The selective transformation of n-butanol was carried out for a wide range of temperatures (523-563 K), pressures (1-40 bar), and weight hourly space velocities (0.75-14.96 h -1 ) to obtain the optimum operating conditions for the maximum yields of gasoline range (C 5 -C 12 ) hydrocarbons. A C 5 -C 12 hydrocarbons selectivity of ∼80% was achieved, with ∼11% and 9% selectivity to C 3 -C 4 paraffin and C 3 -C 4 olefins, respectively, under optimum operating conditions of 543 K, 0.75 h -1 , and 20 bar. The hydrocarbon (C 5 -C 12 ) product mixture was free from aromatics and primarily olefinic in nature. The distribution of these C 5 -C 12 hydrocarbons depends strongly on the reaction pressure, temperature, and WHSV. These olefins were further hydrogenated to paraffins using a Ni/SiO 2 catalyst. The fuel properties and distillation characteristics of virgin and hydrogenated hydrocarbons were evaluated and compared with those of gasoline to understand their suitability as a transportation fuel in an unmodified combustion engine. The present work further delineates the catalyst stability study for a long time-on-stream (TOS) and extensive characterization of spent catalysts to understand the nature of catalyst deactivation.