Phytosterols and triterpenes from Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) as potential inhibitors of anti-apoptotic BCL-XL, BCL-2, and MCL-1: an in-silico study.

Deregulation of the normal cellular apoptotic function is a fundamental element in the etiology of most cancers and the anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‑2) protein family is known to play crucial role in the regulation of this function. Overexpression of this protein family has been implicated in some cancers, such that agents that could inhibit their over-activity are now being explored for anticancer drug development. A number of studies have revealed the anticancer potential of Morinda lucida-derived extracts and compounds. In search of more inhibitors of this anti-apoptotic protein family from plant resources, 47 compounds, identified in Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) were screened for their inhibitory activities against BCL-XL, BCL-2, and MCL-1 by molecular docking using BINDSURF, while binding interactions of the top compounds were viewed with PyMOL. Druglikeness and Absorption-Distribution-Metabolism-Excretion (ADME) parameters of the top 6 compounds from docking study were evaluated using SuperPred webserver. Results revealed that out of the 47 compounds, 2 triterpenes (ursolic acid and oleanolic acid) and 4 phytosterols (cycloartenol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol) have higher binding affinities for the selected BCL-2 proteins, compared to known standard inhibitors; these compounds also fulfill oral drugability of Lipinski rule of five. Therefore, since these Morinda lucida-derived phytosterols and triterpenes show high binding affinity toward the selected anti-apoptotic proteins and exhibited good drugability characteristics, they qualify for further study on drug development against cancers characterized by overexpression of this family of protein.