Evaluation of needle movement effect on root canal irrigation using a computational fluid dynamics model.
Shanshan HuLunliang DuanQianbing WanJian WangPublished in: Biomedical engineering online (2019)
To avoid periapical extrusion accidents while obtaining adequate irrigant replacement, the needle should be moving up and down with a moderate amplitude during manual root canal irrigation; and the motion frequency was not highly relevant in terms of the irrigation efficiency.