We analyzed age structure and dynamics, spatial distribution patterns, and reproductive capabilities of four Rosa persica populations in Xinjiang, to evaluate the survival status of the species and explore the reasons behind its endangerment. The results showed that the populations had fewer individuals in the youngest (Ⅰ) and oldest (Ⅵ-Ⅷ) age classes, with a predominance of middle-aged individuals, resulting in an irregular pyramid-shaped distribution, described as "high in the middle, low on both sides". The populations were generally growing, but were susceptible to external environmental disturbances ( V pi ' ＞0, P max ＞0). The mortality rate ( q x ) and vanish rate ( K x ) peaked at age Ⅴ, leading to a sharp decline in plant abundance. The life expectancy ( e x ) decreased progressively with the increases of age class, reaching its lowest at age Ⅷ, which indicated minimal vitality at this stage. A time sequence analysis predicted a future dominance of individuals at age Ⅴ-Ⅷ, suggesting an aging trend. Spatially, the four populations were predominantly clumped, with the intensity of clumping ranked from highest to lowest as P 4 , P 3 , P 1 , and P 2 . P 3 and P 4 exhibited better reproductive capabilities than P 1 and P 2 . There was a significant positive correlation between hundred-fruit weight and plant height and crown width, and between total seed number and crown width and hundred-fruit weight.