Accuracy and technical limits of percutaneous pedicle screw placement in the thoracolumbar spine.
Yann-Philippe CharlesYves NtilikinaArnaud CollinetSébastien SchullerJulien GarnonJulien GodetPhilippe ClavertPublished in: Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA (2021)
Percutaneous pedicle screw placement appears safe in the caudal thoracic and lumbosacral spine. The two-dimensional fluoroscopic method has a limited reliability above T7 because of smaller pedicle dimensions, difficulties in visualizing radiographic pedicle landmarks and kyphosis.