Synergic Effect of Nanolignin and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles into Poly(l-lactide) Bionanocomposites: Material Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Antibacterial Performance.

Binary and ternary poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)-based nanocomposites, containing nanolignin (1 wt %) and different metal oxide nanoparticles (0.5 wt %, Ag 2 O, TiO 2 , WO 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and ZnFe 2 O 4 ), were realized by solvent casting, and their morphological, thermal, surface, optical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial characterizations were performed. The presence of metal oxide nanoparticles at the selected weight concentration affects the surface microstructure of the PLLA polymer, and this outcome is particle-type dependent, according to the shape, morphology, and chemical properties of the selected nanoparticles (NPs). Analogously, wettability of PLLA-based nanocomposites was slightly modified by the presence of hydrophobic lignin nanoparticles and different shaped metal oxides. Results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) tests confirmed that nanoparticle addition confined the mobility of the amorphous phase, increasing at the same time the formation of more numerous but less perfect PLLA crystals. Interestingly, antioxidant activity was also obtained in ternary-based nanocomposites, where a synergic effect of lignin and metal oxide nanoparticles was obtained. Antibacterial tests showed manifest activity of TiO 2 and Ag 2 O nanoparticles containing PLLA films, and the time dependence was more evident for Staphylococcus aureus than for Escherichia coli . Lignin nanoparticles are able to provide protection against UV light while still allowing visible light to pass and even surpass the UV-protection capacity provided by many inorganic nanoparticles. This makes them an attractive renewable additive for the realization of PLLA/metal oxide nanocomposites in the fields of food, drug packaging, and biomedical industry, where antibacterial and antioxidant properties are required.