Tetragonal crystalline MnO nanoparticles alleviate Pb stress in wheat by modulating antioxidant enzymes in leaves.

Agriculture ecosystems are seriously threatened by lead (Pb) contamination, which impacts plant growth and productivity. In this study, green synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO NPs) using citrus peel were used for priming of wheat seeds. For the synthesis of MnO nanoparticles, peel extract of Citrus paradisi and 1 mM solution of manganese acetate were stirred and calcinated at 500 °C. Successful synthesis of MnO NPs was determined using advanced techniques. In Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the presence of amines, alkanes, aldehydes, and alcohol molecules, on the surface of MnO NPs, confirmed their stability. X-ray diffraction analysis described their average size (22 nm), while scanning electron microscopy showed tetragonal crystalline shape and nano-flowers structure of MnO NPs. Sharp peaks of energy dispersive x-ray analysis described the presence of oxygen (28.81%) and manganese (71.19%) on MnO NPs. Priming of wheat seeds with synthesized MnO NPs significantly improved the growth attributes of wheat seedlings including the size of leaf, root length, size of shoots, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, relative water content, decreased relative electrolyte leakage, high proline accumulation and decreased concentration of malondialdehyde. Application of MnO NPs also helped plants to accumulate antioxidant enzymes in their leaves. These results proved that the priming of MnO NPs can greatly reduce lead-induced stress in wheat seedlings and these NPs can also be used for the priming of other crops.