Potential of Enzymatically Synthesized Hemozoin Analog as Th1 Cell Adjuvant.
Kazuaki HoshiAnh Thi Tram TuMiwako ShoboKarin KettisenLei YeLeif BülowYoji HakamataTetsuya FuruyaRyutaro AsanoWakako TsugawaKazunori IkebukuroKoji SodeTomohiko YamazakiPublished in: Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) (2024)
Hemozoin (Hz) is a heme crystal produced during malaria infection that stimulates immune cells, leading to the production of cytokines and chemokines. The immunostimulatory action of Hz has previously been applied in the development of alternative adjuvants. Crystallization of hemin is a chemical approach for producing Hz. Here, we focused on an enzymatic production method for Hz using the heme detoxification protein (HDP), which catalyzes heme dimer formation from hemin in Plasmodium . We examined the immunostimulatory effects of an enzymatically synthesized analog of Hz (esHz) produced by recombinant Plasmodium falciparum HDP. Enzymatically synthesized Hz stimulates a macrophage cell line and human peripheral mononuclear cells, leading to the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12p40. In mice, subcutaneous administration of esHz together with an antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), increased the OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G2c isotype level in the serum, whereas OVA-specific IgG1 was not induced. Our findings suggest that esHz is a useful Th-1 cell adjuvant.
Keyphrases
- plasmodium falciparum
- early stage
- single cell
- endothelial cells
- cell therapy
- induced apoptosis
- adipose tissue
- high glucose
- small molecule
- metabolic syndrome
- signaling pathway
- diabetic rats
- nitric oxide
- peripheral blood
- cell cycle arrest
- bone marrow
- oxide nanoparticles
- cell death
- risk assessment
- amino acid
- human health
- protein protein
- stress induced