Impacts of cadmium on male fertility: Lessons learnt so far.
Emmanuel Joseph IkokideAdemola Adetokunbo OyagbemiMatthew Olugbenga OyeyemiPublished in: Andrologia (2022)
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most dangerous heavy metals in the world. Globally, toxicities associated with cadmium and its attendant negative impact on humans and animals cannot be under-estimated. Cd is a heavy metal, and people are exposed to it through contaminated foods and smoking. Cd exerts its deleterious impacts on the testes (male reproductive system) by inducing oxidative stress, spermatogenic cells apoptosis, testicular inflammation, decreasing androgenic and sperm cell functions, disrupting ionic homeostasis, pathways and epigenetic gene regulation, damaging vascular endothelium and blood testes barrier. In association with other industrial by-products, Cd has been incriminated for the recent decline of male fertility rate seen in both man and animals. Understanding the processes involved in Cd-induced testicular toxicity is vital for the innovation of techniques that will help ameliorate infertility in males. In this review, we summed up recent studies on the processes of testicular toxicity and male infertility due to Cd exposure. Also, the usage of different compounds including phytochemicals, and plant extracts to manage Cd reprotoxicity will be reviewed.
Keyphrases
- heavy metals
- oxidative stress
- nk cells
- risk assessment
- gene expression
- health risk assessment
- nitric oxide
- induced apoptosis
- type diabetes
- health risk
- diabetic rats
- single cell
- sewage sludge
- young adults
- mesenchymal stem cells
- stem cells
- dna damage
- cell therapy
- bone marrow
- drinking water
- skeletal muscle
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- insulin resistance
- smoking cessation
- cell proliferation
- stress induced
- adipose tissue