In Response to Precision Medicine: Current Subcellular Targeting Strategies for Cancer Therapy.

Emerging as a potent anti-cancer treatment, subcellular targeted cancer therapy has drawn increasing attention, bringing great opportunities for clinical application. In this review, we summarize two targeting strategies for four main subcellular organelles (mitochondria, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus), including molecule and nanomaterial (inorganic nanoparticles, micelles, organic polymers, and others)-based targeted delivery or therapeutic strategies. Phototherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and "all-in-one" combination therapy are among the strategies covered in detail. Such materials have been constructed based on the specific properties and relevant mechanisms of organelles, enabling the elimination of tumors by inducing dysfunction in the corresponding organelles or destroying specific structures. The challenges faced by organelle-targeting cancer therapies are also summarized. Looking forward, we envision a paradigm for organelle-targeting therapy with enhanced therapeutic efficacy compared to current clinical approaches. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.