Squamous cell transformation as a mechanism of acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor in EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma: a report of two cases.

Pathological transformation to squamous cell carcinoma after epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment has been reported, but details of the transformation remain unclear. We report two cases with transformation to squamous cell carcinoma. The first case was a 61-year-old man who was an ex-smoker with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma harbouring EGFR exon 19 insertion. He experienced squamous cell transformation after 28 months of erlotinib therapy. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis showed EGFR T790M and genomic alterations in PTEN, PDGFR, and HRAS. The second case was a 72-year-old man who was an ex-smoker with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma harbouring EGFR exon 21 L858R. He experienced squamous cell transformation after nine months of erlotinib therapy. NGS analysis showed EGFR T790M and genomic alterations in PTEN, SMARCB1, TP53, and KIT. Both patients had PTEN genomic alterations and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway might play an important role in squamous cell transformation.