Subtype Distribution and Drug Resistance Patterns Among HIV-1 Strains Prevalent in Makassar, Indonesia.
Siti Qamariyah KhairunisaNi Luh Ayu MegasariShuhei UedaTomohiro KotakiAfif Nurul HidayatiMasanori KameokaMasanori KameokaPublished in: AIDS research and human retroviruses (2023)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by a large degree of genetic variability because of high rates of recombination and mutation, sizable population sizes, and rapid replication. Therefore, this study investigated HIV-1 subtype distribution and the appearance of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in viruses that are prevalent in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The HIV-1 pol , env , and gag genes were amplified from 63 infected individuals and sequenced for a subtyping analysis. CRF01_AE was identified as the predominant HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Subtype B and recombinant viruses containing CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, and/or subtype B gene fragments were also detected. Several major DRMs against non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced subjects, whereas ART-naive subjects did not possess any transmitted drug resistance. The prevalence of DRMs was very high among ART-experienced subjects; therefore, further surveillance is required in this region.
Keyphrases
- antiretroviral therapy
- human immunodeficiency virus
- hiv infected
- hiv positive
- hiv infected patients
- hiv aids
- hepatitis c virus
- hiv testing
- public health
- genome wide
- men who have sex with men
- gene expression
- mass spectrometry
- escherichia coli
- south africa
- copy number
- oxidative stress
- genome wide identification
- high resolution
- transcription factor
- atomic force microscopy
- dna repair