Beyond Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein and Aquaporin-4 Antibodies: Alternative Causes of Optic Neuritis.
Giacomo GrecoElena ColomboMatteo GastaldiLara AhmadEleonora TavazziRoberto BergamaschiEleonora RigoniPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2023)
Optic neuritis (ON) is the most common cause of vision loss in young adults. It manifests as acute or subacute vision loss, often accompanied by retrobulbar discomfort or pain during eye movements. Typical ON is associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and is generally mild and steroid-responsive. Atypical forms are characterized by unusual features, such as prominent optic disc edema, poor treatment response, and bilateral involvement, and they are often associated with autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4) or Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG). However, in some cases, AQP4 and MOG antibodies will return as negative, plunging the clinician into a diagnostic conundrum. AQP4- and MOG-seronegative ON warrants a broad differential diagnosis, including autoantibody-associated, granulomatous, and systemic disorders. These rare forms need to be identified promptly, as their management and prognosis are greatly different. The aim of this review is to describe the possible rarer etiologies of non-MS-related and AQP4- and MOG-IgG-seronegative inflammatory ON and discuss their diagnoses and treatments.
Keyphrases
- multiple sclerosis
- white matter
- optical coherence tomography
- young adults
- mass spectrometry
- optic nerve
- ms ms
- liver failure
- chronic pain
- drug induced
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- neuropathic pain
- respiratory failure
- intensive care unit
- interstitial lung disease
- cancer therapy
- spinal cord injury
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- case report
- spinal cord
- systemic sclerosis
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- mechanical ventilation