Air pollution and multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive review.
Sahand AbbaszadehMohammadreza TabaryArmin AryannejadRuhollah AbolhasaniFarnaz AraghiIsa KhaheshiAmirreza AzimiPublished in: Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2021)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to progressive functional impairments, and many intrinsic and acquired factors are believed to be associated with its development and relapse. In terms of environmental factors, air pollution has gained much attention during recent decades, as chronic exposure to ambient air pollution seems to increase the level of some pro-inflammatory markers in the human brain, which can lead to neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. These events may also be associated with the risk of MS development and relapse. In this review, we aimed to summarize recent findings around the impact of air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and ultra-fine particles), gaseous pollutants (carbon monoxide [CO], nitrogen oxides [NOx], sulfur dioxide [SO2], and ozone [O3]), and heavy metals, on MS development and relapse.
Keyphrases
- air pollution
- particulate matter
- multiple sclerosis
- blood brain barrier
- heavy metals
- lung function
- white matter
- cerebral ischemia
- mass spectrometry
- free survival
- ms ms
- risk assessment
- high resolution
- oxidative stress
- cystic fibrosis
- health risk
- health risk assessment
- cerebrospinal fluid
- drug induced
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- hydrogen peroxide
- sewage sludge
- inflammatory response